Thursday, December 8, 2011

The Koran and the Samaritans

Arabic last names often indicate where someone comes from. Yahya al-Libi is known to be from Libya, Hasan al-Masri from Egypt (Masr is Egypt in Arabic), Rashid al-Maghrabi from Morocco (al-Maghrab in Arabic), and Yunis al-Iskandarani from the city of Alexandria (al-Iskandariya).

It follows logically that for an individual to bear the laqab (last name) of a location, that location must have been there when the person was named. If Alexandria was formed by the Greek emperor Alexander the Great in the fourth century BC, it stands to reason that anyone with the name al-Iskandarani lived after that time and not before. If a folk tale claimed to be from the 10th century BC with a hero named al-Iskandarani, it would be easy to conclude the story was false.

Such self-evident fact was apparantly of no interest to the compilers of the Koran, as seen in the attention given to someone named "al-Samari" (the Samaritan) in the story of Moses and his brother Aaron. The city of Samaria, from which this person was named, was built in the 9th century BC. Moses, liberator of the Hebrews from Egypt, lived at least six centuries before. How does the Koran have a Samaritan speaking to Moses six centuries before the city was even created?

The story of Moses is found in surah Ta-Ha (Koran 20). On the trek across the Sinai desert from Egypt to what is now Palestine and Israel, Moses left his people and went to meditate for 40 days on Mount Sinai. The following conversations then took place (verses 83-97):

Allah: Why did you leave your people, Moses?
Moses: They are always bothering me, and I wanted to be close to you, Allah.
Allah: Well, we tempted them during your absense, and they failed the test.
Moses: (rushes back to his people): Why did you melt all your gold jewelry to make a golden calf?
People: It's not our fault. The Egyptians gave us all that gold just to get rid of us. The Samaritan put it in the fire, and out came this golden calf?
Moses to Aaron: Why did you allow them to do this?
Aaron: Don't blame me, it's not my fault. If I would have tried to stop them it would have started a riot. It's his fault (pointing to the Samaritan).
Moses to the Samaritan: Why did you do this, Samaritan?
The Samaritan: It's not my fault. I just threw some dust from the footprint of the angel Gabriel's horse into the fire after we threw in the gold and voila - out came this live golden calf!
Moses: Get the hell out of here - and go to hell, by the way! We're going to burn this golden calf and scatter its ashes in the sea.

Like many stories in the Koran, it's an interesting read. But is it true?

Early Koranic expositor Qatada explained that the Samaritan in this story was a Israelite from the tribe of Samaria who lost his faith in Allah during the long trek across the Sinai. The Samaritan pretended to accept the monotheism of Moses, but retained his desire to worship the cow as his people had done in Egypt.

To protect himself from accusations of wrongdoing (such as the rumors that swirled when he married his daughter-in-law as described here), Muhammad invented the concept that prophets could not commit major sins. According to the Bible, Aaron is the one who instigated the making of the golden calf. Since Aaron as a Prophet in Islam could not have done this evil deed, Muhammad created the fictitious Samaritan to be the culprit.

The book of I Kings in the Bible describes a king of northern Israel named Omri who "bought the hill of Samaria from Shemer for two talents of silver and built a city on the hill. He called it Samaria, after Shemer who was the former owner of the hill" (I Kings 16:24). This was in the 9th century BC, 600 years after Moses.

II Kings 17:1-6 describes the defeat of Samaria by the Assyrian emperor Shalmaneser V in 722 BC when he deported its residents to Assyria (present day Iraq) and brought people from Iraq to repopulate the city. This Biblical account was confirmed by an engraving discovered by French diplomat to Iraq and archeologist Paul Emil Botta in 1842 that reads, "In the first year of my reign I laid seige to the city of Samaria. I deported 27,290 of its citizens and replaced them with people from other areas."

The people Shalmaneser brought to Samaria from Iraq were not Jewish monotheists, but idol worshippers deported from areas conquered by the Assyrians. These Samaritans did not speak Hebrew, and never assimilated into the culture of their Jewish neighbors. They were hated even in the time of Jesus, and one of his most famous parables, The Good Samaritan, tells the story of a young man beaten and left to die by the side of the road. Religious rabbis passed by the young man without helping him, said Jesus, but a Samaritan outcast rescued him and nursed him back to recovery.

As early Koranic expositors such as Qatada realized that the Samaritan invented by Muhammad and described in the Koran did not even exist, they tried to cover his mistake by insisting this was the name of one of the ancient tribes of Israel. All the tribes of Israel are listed in the Bible, however, and there is no evidence that a tribe by that name ever existed.

Is there any historical figure to whom Muhammad could have referred when he described this Samaritan who pretended to be a follower of Moses but remained an idolater in his heart,  and who had the magical power to create a live calf from gold and dust thrown in a fire? The New Testament book of Acts, chapter 8, describes a first century AD Samaritan named Simon the Magician popular in Samaria. Jealous of the miracles committed by the Apostle Peter when he visited the city, Simon offered him money for the same power. When Peter refused, Simon pretended to follow him but later recanted of his Christian faith and founded a heresy known as Simonianism which contained a mixture of Christian belief and magical practice. Members of the Ebionite sect, discussed here as having a direct influence on Muhammad, describe in available writings from the 4th century AD the considerable influence of Simon. One text, entitled The Recognitions of Clement, even recounts that Simon claimed he could bring statues to life. This is exactly the same as the Koranic account of the Samaritan bringing life to the golden calf.

Could Muhammad's relative Waraqa bin Naufal, himself probably an Ebionite priest in Mecca, been the one who first told Muhammad about this Samaritan with his magical powers? And could Muhammad, never one to quibble about historical details as evidenced here when he confused tribes living soon after Noah with the Nabateans who lived milennia later, simply thrown al-Samari into his story of Moses and Aaron to prove his point that a real Prophet never commits great sins, thus distancing himself from any similar accusation?

Many Muslims who have read thus far will at this point simply grit their teeth and press their heels against the floor. There he goes again, attacking our Prophet and our Holy Book! Relatively few will seriously think the story through and try to find an answer that makes sense. It's much easier - and safer - to simply believe.

The above material was adapted from this Arabic TV show Daring Question

60 comments:

Juniper in the Desert said...

Sharing! Also, what was Abraham doing, hanging around the Kaaba in 622AD when he was born more than 2000 years before this?? This is what is being taught to children in the UK.

celltech said...

Throw out your calf-idol, O Samaria! My anger burns against them. How long will they be incapable of purity? They are from Israel! This calf - a craftsman has made it; it is not God. It will be broken in pieces, that calf of Samaria. -- Hosea 8:5-6

This is a warning to the Jews of 700 B.C. living in Samaria.

Perhaps Muhammad heard this story and the one of Moses, confused the two and placed the Samaritans in a wrong context...

Anonymous said...

found this:-

""
Does Saifullah agree with most non-Muslim writers now
> (and we agree too) that this Qur'anic verse talks about
> a Samaritan (i.e. a name for a people group or ethnic/
> tribal entity, just like saying "a German" or "an Arab"
> or "a Levite") and not about a man who for whatever reason
> had the personal name of "as-Samiri" but this has nothing
> to do with Samaritans.

SV
It might refer to one or the other, both or neither.
As-Samiri might just have been the persons name, it might
have been a title used to refer to a group of people or it
might just be an attributive title the Quran employs to
describe the person in question.
""

one other theory i read somewhere is that the 'samari' was in fact a djinn....

""There he goes again, attacking our Prophet and our Holy Book! Relatively few will seriously think the story through and try to find an answer that makes sense. It's much easier - and safer - to simply believe.""

There are many things in the quran we have not found answers for such as Thul-Qarnain ( He of the Two Horns)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhul-Qarnayn, some say he is alexander the great, others say its king cyrus. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_name

its not an attack on the prophet or islam, even muslims can come up with explanations as to who samari might be.

Quotable Quotes: said...

Anonymous,
I agree that Muslim scholars have come up with various explanations for "the Samaritan" to justify his appearance in this story. What I find really interesting is the similarity between him and Simon the Magician in the New Testament, and the possibility that Muhammad learned the story of Simon from Waraqa bin Naufal or someone else and inserted it into the Koran.

That is assuming, of course, that Muhammad authored the Koran. Another possibility is that the Koran is simply a compilation of stories written by various individuals that was codified into a single text long after the death of Muhammad.

Anonymous said...

another example i would like to share is the city of Iram http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iram_of_the_Pillars

only mentioned in the Qur'an and not known, later through excavations in Syria (Ebla city) it was discovered that 4,300 years ago Ebla had done business with Iram.

Had Ebla been not discovered in Syria and satellites/radar not been used , no one would have known about Iram, and people might think its false and something that prophet Mohamed came up with when writing the Qur'an.

Westerners (scientists/archeologists etc..) are proving the Qur'an right. Mohamed couldnt have known about Ebla or Iram, when Iram was mentioned, Mohamed didnt go and excavate Iram, muslims claim Quran is from god and mohammed didnt write it.

Similarly from a muslim perspective everything in the Qur'an is true, but to figure out things like who the 'samiri' might be needs more research.

Who knows maybe another non-muslim scholar/scientist might find out who the samari was.

aemish said...

Are you certain that these views you have posited are your own, and not just another incarnation/regurgitation of William St. Clair Tisdalls, as presented here:

http://www.islamic-awareness.org/Quran/Contrad/External/samaritan.html

In any event, you've delivered an interesting introduction to a fascinating debate I was previously unaware of. I love when that happens :o)

Quotable Quotes: said...

Aemish,
No, this material was not original with me - I'd never heard of it two weeks ago. It's my translation/analysis of the Arabic TV show Daring Question. I usually provide a link to the Arabic show, but forgot to do so in this post.
Glad you're still reading!

Susanne said...

informative posts - thanks for sharing what you learn!

Truth-speaks said...

Just as the Torah and the Bible were revelations from God, so IS the Quran. The prophet Muhammad (Peace Be Upon Him) did not hear the story from the Christian priest Waraqah Bin Nauful, but it was revealed to him by God Almighty.

Firstly, the translation or the meaning of the Quranic verse you have written is wrong, the translation is "He replied: "Behold, they are close on my footsteps: I hastened to thee, O my Lord, to please thee." verse-84.

I advise that you read the translation of the Verses from the link:- http://search-the-quran.com/search/Surah+Taha

The name Al-Samiri has nothing to do with the location of from where Al-Samiri was as from the city Samaritans. there are two explanations i can offer to the title Al-Samiri.

1] the first explanation
The title Samiri, has nothing at all to do with the city of Samira which is Shamroon in Hebrew.
The title of Al-Samiri, like you mentioned in the beginning is an indication to the person’s origin. Origin here is not location/city/country/nationality but tribal.

The children of Israel, were originally of 12 tribes who were the sons of the Prohphet Jacob. The title Al-Samiri (Shemer) here relates to Shamroon of the son of Issachar the son of Prophet Jacob.

Al-Samiri mentioned in the Qur’an is originally from the 12 tribes of Israel and has nothing to do with the city of Samiria – Shemer.

The city is named Shamroon/Shemer and the of the son of Issachar the son of Jacob is also Shamroon.

And nowhere in history or in the present nor in the future will there be a name appointed or limited to one person only.

Furthermore, maybe the man Shemer who sold the hill of Samaria was also from the same tribe.

2] the second explanation - Language based

In the Arabic language, as in many other languages, each word has an origin where it is derived from. The word Samiri is derived from the word "Samar" which means night-chat/night tales with the verb - "Musamra" which means the action of doing these chats/tales.

Al Samiri is title of the Israelite who carved the cow, and he was titled by it as he was a man of many tales and stories. We can see in a very clear manner that he was a man of tales, as he carved a cow of jewelry and told people that it's Moses's God.

Obviously anyone who claims that a cow made of jewelry is a god is a man of tales.

and you can even see the Quranic verse 95 in the same link above "(Moses) said: "What then is thy case, O Samiri?" - Samiri- Man of tales/lies/stories. this is the meaning of the word Samiri.
--------------------------------
And I thank you for giving me the opportunity to do research on this as to answer you. Hope you can do more research as well before posting such serious blogs.

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Anonymous said...

@Susan, great work.
I like your arguments, but I think you forgot to read the intro. That is also a strong possibility.

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Unknown said...

Samaritan is English word and english is not the original language of bible or torah and samaritan in hebrew is shamermim. So please can Arabic word samiri and hebrew word shamermim sounds same? Obviously not. So you failed to fool us. And I will give you an miraculous example which is in The Holy Quran
In Google Images you can see the dead body of Ramses II, the Egyptian King in the era of Prophet Moses (pbuh) here - http://www.google.co.in/search?q... Its age is approximately 3000 years old and it was found by the Red Sea, at the place called Jabalain, and is now on display in the Royal Mummies Chamber of the Egyptian Museum in Cairo.
he was told that Muslims believe in a book called "Holy Quran" and this Holy Quran narrates the story of Pharaoh's drowning and ensures the safety of his body. I am assuming that you guys thinking How can a book existed 1400 years ago speak about the mummy that was only found 111 years ago, in 1898? Is that possible? The answer is yes but before I begin I want to quote some verses from the Bible here it is - is "And the waters returned, and covered the chariots, and the horsemen, and all the host of Pharaoh that came into the sea after them; there remained not so much as one of them. (Exodus 14:28) But overthrew Pharaoh and his host in the Red sea: for his mercy endureth for ever. (Psalm 136:15) For the horse of Pharaoh went in with his chariots and with his horsemen into the sea, and the LORD brought again the waters of the sea upon them; but the Children of Israel went on dry land in the midst of the sea (Exodus 15:19) it is not mentioned about save of the body but in The Holy Quran - "WE BROUGHT THE CHILDREN OF ISRAEL ACROSS THE SEA AND PHROAH AND HIS TROOPS PURSUED THEM OUT OF TYRANNY AND ENMITY. THEN, WHEN HE WAS ON THE POINT OF DROWNING, HE (PHAROAH) SAID, I BELIEVE THAT THERE IS NO GOD BUT HIM IN WHOM CHILDREN OF ISRAEL BELIEVE. I AM OF THOSE WHO SUBMIT(TO ALLAH IN ISLAM). WHAT! NOW! AND INDEED YOU DISOBEYED BEFORE AND YOU WERE OF THE MISCHIEF-MAKER. THIS DAY SHALL WE SAVE YOU IN YOUR BODY, THAT YOU MAY BE A SIGN TO THOSE WHO COME AFTER YOU! BUT VERILY, MANY AMONG MANKIND ARE NEGLECTFUL OF OUR SIGNS." (Holy Quran 10:90-92) so you can see and use your mind And Listen Carefully "No falsehood can approach it (this book) from before or behind it: it is sent down by One Full of Wisdom, Worthy of all praise." (Holy Quran 41:42) and "La illaha ilallah Muhammadur Rasullullah" - There Is None Worthy Worship Except Allah And Muhammad Is The Messenger Of Allah And Allahu Akbar, Allahu Akbar, Allah is Greatest, Allah is Greatest

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